Wednesday, January 29, 2025

Review of Empire by Michael Hardt, Antonio Negri

This book review was written by Eugene Kernes   

Book can be found in: 
Genre = Economics
Intriguing Connections = 1) How Is Sovereignty Is Gained And Lost?



Watch Short Review

Excerpts

Along with the global market and global circuits of production has emerged a global order, a new logic and structure of rule – in short, a new form of sovereignty.  Empire is the political subject that effectively regulates these global exchanges, the sovereign power that governs the world.” – Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, Preface, Page xi

 

“Some call this situation “governance without government” to indicate the structural logic, at times imperceptible but always and increasingly effective, that sweeps all actors within the order of the whole.  The systemic totality has a dominant position in the global order, breaking resolutely with every previous dialectic and developing an integration of actors that seems linear and spontaneous.” – Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, Chapter 1.1: World Order, Page 14

 

“The revolting masses, their desire for liberation, their experiments to construct alternatives, and their instances of constituent power have all at their best moments pointed toward the internationalization and globalization of relationships, beyond the divisions of nation, colonial, and imperialist rule.” – Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, Chapter 1.3: Alternatives Within Empire, Pages 42-43


Review

Is This An Overview?

Empire is a form of sovereign power that governs globalization.  The global economic and cultural exchanges.  The sovereignty of nation-states has declined due to an inability to govern economic and cultural exchanges.  The sovereignty of nation-states is being replaced by a sovereignty composed of national and supranational institutions.  Empire does not mean imperialism, and does not establish a territorial center of power.  Empire’s governance is decentralized. 

 

Empires seek to be inclusive to different values, to different people.  Creating methods for negotiating a perpetual and universal peace.  The empire’s justification for the use of force, is to use force in the service of resolving humanitarian problems, and imposing peace.  Empire is brought into being by the capacity to resolve conflicts.  Through empire, people have been overcoming repressive political and economic methods.  Through empire, people have been experimenting with alternative methods of liberty, while seeking international cohesion.  The power of empires comes from making people more productive. 

 

Caveats?

This book can be difficult to read.  Difficult because of the way the authors explain the ideas, using a myriad of philosophical and historic references.  The references are provided a short description, but read like jargon meant for those who already know the references.  References that could be interpreted differently based on what details have been added or left out.  


Questions to Consider while Reading the Book

•What is the raison d’etre of the book?  For what purpose did the author write the book?  Why do people read this book?
•What are some limitations of the book?
•To whom would you suggest this book?
•What is empire?
•What is sovereignty?
•Is empire a type of imperialism?
•Why did nation-state sovereignty decline?
•Why does empire exist?
•How does globalization effect people?
•What are the justifications for the use of force?
•How does the use of language effect empire? 
•What are the empire’s borders?
•Why did the masses revolt? 
•What is the difference between global and local?  What are the mythologies about the differences? 
•What are the postmodern marketing practices?
•How does empire effect productivity? 
•Who is the enemy? 
•How does mobility of the workforce effect the economy? 
•What is the effect of competition?
•Is there a need for a state? 


Book Details
Edition:                   First Harvard University Press paperback edition
Publisher:               Harvard University Press
Edition ISBN:         9780674006713
Pages to read:          418
Publication:             2001
1st Edition:              2000
Format:                    Paperback 

Ratings out of 5:
Readability    2
Content          2
Overall          2






Saturday, January 25, 2025

Review of Essentialism: The Disciplined Pursuit of Less by Greg McKeown

This book review was written by Eugene Kernes   

Book can be found in: 
Book Club Event = Book List (03/29/2025)


Watch Short Review

Excerpts

“Essentialism is not about how to get more things done; it’s about how to get the right things done.  It doesn’t mean just doing less for the sake of less either.  It is about making the wisest possible investment of your time and energy in order to operate at our highest point of contribution by doing only what is essential.” – Greg McKeown, Chapter 1: The Essentialist, Pages 13-14

 

“When we forget our ability to choose, we learn to be helpless.  Drip by drip we allow our power to be taken away until we end up becoming a function of other people’s choices – or even a function of our own past choices.  In turn, we surrender our power to choose.  That is the path of the Nonessentialist.” – Greg McKeown, Chapter 2: Choose, Page 38

 

“If you believe being overly busy and overextended is evidence of productivity, then you probably believe that creating space to explore, think, and reflect should be kept to a minimum.  Yet these activities are the antidote to the nonessential busyness that infects so many of us.  Rather than trivial diversions, they are critical to distinguishing what is actually a trivial diversion from what is truly essential.” – Greg McKeown, Part II: Explore, Page 55


Review

Is This An Overview?

People have limited time and energy to accomplish what they want.  Individuals have to make trade-offs based on what they want to accomplish.  Those who try to accomplish everything, are dividing their attention, time, and energy across different activities, which leads to worse performance.  The basic value proposition of essentialism, is for individuals to stop trying to do everything, which enables individuals to focus on where their efforts can contribute most. 

 

Essentialists focus on doing few activities with high quality outcomes, rather than attempting many activities with low quality outcomes.  Essentialism focuses the individual on the appropriate activities, to make worthwhile trade-offs, not a justification to just do less activities.  What essentialists do is explore and evaluate what an opportunity is worth, eliminate the nonessential and trivial, and then design behaviors and habits to implement the intended activities.  Essentialists use the power of gracefully saying no to an activity, to prevent being distracted from what is essential. 

 

Caveats?

The ideas of the book are based on economics, that people have limited resources which cause people to make trade-offs on how they are used.  The ideas in the book are based on assumptions which economics has gone beyond, which can also create a contradiction.  In an effort to remove the trivial, the essentialist can make decisions using the claim ‘if it isn’t a clear yes, then it’s a clear no.’  Removing the trivial requires perfection, which means spending more limited time and energy on the potentially nonessential.  Economic ideas which contained methods of perfection, have transitioned into satisficing, a more realistic decision making framework. 

 

This book created a narrative fallacy for essentialism.  The examples and ideas that are used to support essentialism express how individuals can benefit from them.  What are not included are the examples of how essentialism can harm society.  How essentialism can harm society can be thought of as nonessential to this book.  Leadership is often the source for the direction of a group, but leadership can create strategic ignorance, to prevent information from reaching them.  Information for which the leaders would be liable for, as that could harm the leader’s ability to provide direction.  Preventing leadership from taking accountability, which would be nonessential.  For the author, it's essential to have time to discover and reflect on what decisions are essential.  But if leadership already took time to discover the priority of activities, then any alternative views can be considered as nonessential as those views would be wasting resources and time.  The methods used to decline the nonessential views, can be very ungraceful.


Questions to Consider while Reading the Book

•What is the raison d’etre of the book?  For what purpose did the author write the book?  Why do people read this book?
•What are some limitations of the book?
•To whom would you suggest this book?
•What is essentialism?
•What aspects make a nonessentialist? 
•Why do people feel the need to do everything? 
•What is the paradox of success?
•What is decision fatigue? 
•How do essentialists make decisions? 
•How do nonessentialists choose? 
•Is being busy the same as being productive? 
•How can play effect decisions?
•What is the effect of sleep?
•What is the power of no?
•What is the sunk-cost bias?
•What are Positive Tickets? 
•How to use the past? 

Book Details
Publisher:               Currency [Penguin Random House]
Edition ISBN:         9780804137393
Pages to read:          204
Publication:             2020
1st Edition:              2014
Format:                    eBook 

Ratings out of 5:
Readability    5
Content          4
Overall           3






Wednesday, January 22, 2025

Review of A New World Begins: The History of the French Revolution by Jeremy D. Popkin

This book review was written by Eugene Kernes   

Book can be found in: 
Book Club Event = Book List (04/05/2025)
Intriguing Connections = 1) Get To Know The Peoples Of The World (France), 


Watch Short Review

Excerpts

“Neither the king nor the queen, however, could imagine a society in which individuals were free to change the situations into which they had been born.  What brought them to their deaths in 1793 was their inability to accept the values that had come to seem natural and just to their former subjects.” –Jeremy D. Popkin, Chapter 1: Two French Lives In The Old Regime, Page 17
 
“Both Louis XIV and the papacy saw the Jansenists as dangerous.  Their doctrine of predestination undermined the authority of priests to guide their parishioners’ behavior, since, according to the Jansenists, how people conducted themselves had no bearing on their chances of salvation.  From the king’s point of view, the Jansenists encouraged people to think for themselves about religious questions, a practice that might lead to undesirable political consequences.” –Jeremy D. Popkin, Chapter 2: The Monarchy, The Philosophes, And The Public, Page 64
 
“The Notables remained steadfast in their opposition to any increase in taxes or alteration of privileges.  They cloaked their objections in language about defending the public good and protecting liberties, making it difficult to denounce them as selfish defenders of special interests.  The assembly was willing to endorse the creation of provincial assemblies and to approve a new loan to enable the government to pay its most pressing bills, but they wanted to see the royal power to collect and spend revenue severely restricted, an idea that one journalist likened to treating the king like a “prodigal son” who needed to be taught not to “repeat the same mistakes.”” –Jeremy D. Popkin, Chapter 4: “Everything Must Change”: The Assembly Of Notables And The Crisis Of 1787-1788, Page 94


Review

Is This An Overview?

Liberty is not given or granted.  Liberty is earned and fought for.  As France suffered various crises, economic and bad harvests, the people obtained political power.  The French Revolution was fought for liberty, equality, and fraternity.  To dismantlement the perceived causes of the crises which were the social hierarchy’s privileges, repressive methods, and bad decisions.  In the process the people went from being subjects, to citizens with political rights expressed through voting. 

 

Various ideas were expressed and factions formed to resolve the crises.  There was competition for political power.  Ideas involved what rights the commoners should have, the privileges of the nobles, and the monarchy’s power.  There were those who had a lot to gain from the social transition, and those who had a lot to lose. 

 

As the French Revolution was ongoing, the crisis escalated tensions, which led to various violent events.  The monarchy was forced into accepting the authority of the people, of an elected assembly.  Even commoners were becoming leaders of political movements rather than just nobles.  Deference to social hierarchy gradually declined.  By 1789, the political system and related institutions that came before were considered part of the old regime.  That the prior institutions were unjust, irrational, and needed to be replaced.  Religion was tied to the old regime, and were deemed in opposition to the people’s need of equality.  To pay for the liberation movements, the people expropriated church and noble property. 

 

Through the French Revolution, the people earned the right to vote, and many voted in the elections.  But as the Revolution progressed, violence was turned against the people.  Different political factions considered the others an enemy.  After votes were cast, those who did not vote in the same manner as those in power, were persecuted.  Reducing the people’s will to vote in forthcoming elections.  Violence that became seen as justified by those in power, to defend the public.  The Revolution ended gradually, as Napoleon, a general supported by the people, concentrated power and began changing the policies used during the Revolution.

 

Caveats?

This can be a difficult book to read, as the reader can get lost in the details.  The book contains a lot of details on events, and on the different competing ideas.  The explanation of the situation could have been improved through an account of the general trends, such as with chapter summaries.


Questions to Consider while Reading the Book

•What is the raison d’etre of the book?  For what purpose did the author write the book?  Why do people read this book?
•What are some limitations of the book?
•To whom would you suggest this book?
•What is the French Revolution? 
•How to obtain liberty?
•What did the monarchy think of their status and the status of their subjects?
•What did it mean to have noble status?
•How was the marriage between Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette different than previous French monarch marriages?  
•What was the purpose of the network of intendants? 
•What role did the theater have on society? 
•How did the Jansenists effect politics? 
•What were Turgot’s policies? 
•Why did France want to help American independence? 
•Who were the Notables?
•How did commoners effect political movements?
•Could France have become a constitutional monarchy? 
•What is the Third Estate?
•What did the storming of the Bastille signify? 
•What was the Great Fear?
•What had become known as the old regime (ancien rĂ©gime)? 
•What were the French Declaration of Rights?
•What happened to slavery during the French Revolution and after?
•What happened to religion during the era?
•What was the National Assembly? 
•What happened to voting?
•How were the military feel about equality? 
•Why did the royals flee during 1791?
•How did the Monarchy think of the public gaining power? 
•Who were the Jacobin decisions? 
•How were French colonies effected by the Revolution? 
•How did women effect the Revolution? 
•How were prisoners treated?
•How did the revolutionary calendar function? 
•How did Napoleon influence the revolution? 

Book Details
Publisher:               Basic Books [Hachette Book Group]
Edition ISBN:         9780465096671
Pages to read:          542
Publication:             2021
1st Edition:              2019
Format:                    eBook 

Ratings out of 5:
Readability    3
Content          3
Overall          3






Friday, January 17, 2025

Review of Forgotten Capitals and the Historical Lessons They Teach by Derek Dwight Anderson

This book review was written by Eugene Kernes   

Book can be found in: 
Book Club Event = Book List (05/03/2025)




Watch Short Review

Excerpts

“Jolo’s experience as a capital city illustrates a number of important lessons for students of history.  The first is that cultural continuity is a more powerful historical force than politics.  Nations, empires, and their leaders come and go with the passage of time, but elements of culture such as religion, language, and artistic tradition are what truly endure.” – Derek Dwight Anderson, Chapter 1: Jolo, Page 11

 

“Quetzaltenango’s history demonstrates the importance of three trends.  The first is the power of localism, an affection or preference or loyalty for one’s own region over that of a larger entity.  This pattern might involve an allegiance to a city over a state or to a state over a nation.” – Derek Dwight Anderson, Chapter 2: Quetzaltenango, Page 25

 

“Rabaul and German New Guinea remind us of two valuable lessons.  The first is that historical periods are not experienced the same way by everyone.  Even individuals, neighborhoods, tribes, or nations in close proximity do not necessarily share in the same historical phenomena.  Rather, a person’s history and a place’s history is singular.” – Derek Dwight Anderson, Chapter 4: Rabaul, Page 60

Excerpts with permissions from the author

Review

Is This An Overview?

Details and sequences of events provide the contents of what happened, but the meaning of history comes from what can be learned from the contents.  Meaning is derived from understanding how to apply the lessons of history to one’s own experiences.  Lessons that come from a diverse set of history about the sovereignty of capitals. 

 

Lessons that include how cultures endure the passage of time better than political power.  While cultures share intergenerational knowledge with the community, the continuity of institutions depends on fostering an intergenerational loyalty of the people.  People prefer and are more loyal to the more local communities than the larger entities.  Should any political power want political legitimacy, want the support of the people, those in power will need to provide the people with more than just infrastructural conveniences. 

 

Caveats?

This is a short book that contains a diverse set of regional histories.  The details provided are meant to introduce the reader to the locations, and provide context about them.  To understand any specific region would require more research. 

 

The historic examples and the lessons have a contradiction.  One lesson is that experiences of history are singular, that individuals and neighboring regions can have different experiences within the same era.  This should make each lesson local and limited.  But the lessons themselves apply more broadly, as others shared variations of the experiences.  The examples give context to lessons derived from a larger sample set of histories.   


Questions to Consider while Reading the Book

•What is the raison d’etre of the book?  For what purpose did the author write the book?  Why do people read this book?
•What are some limitations of the book?
•To whom would you suggest this book?
•How does culture shape experiences? 
•What is the effect of the local community on behavior?
•What is the effect of loyalty on an institution? 
•How generalizable are experiences?
•What is the difference between political legitimacy and political power?
•When do civil wars end?  
•What happened to Jolo?
•What were the types of slaves in Jolo?
•How did Jolo’s geography shape trade?
•What lessons does Jolo teach? 
•What happened to Quetzaltenango?
•How did cholera effect society? 
•What Happened to Jacobo Arbenz?
•What lessons does Quetzaltenango teach? 
•What happened to Fillmore City?
•Who are the Mormons?
•Why did Salt Lake City become the capital?
•What lessons does Fillmore City teach? 
•What happened to Rabaul?
•How did the 1905 typhoon effects Germany’s influence over German New Guinea? 
•What lessons does Rabaul teach? 
•What happened to Engels?
•What lessons does Engels teach? 
•What happened to Xinjing?
•What lessons does Xinjing teach? 
•What happened to Enugu?
•What lessons does Enugu teach? 
•What happened to Banja Luka?
•Why was there an ethnic cleansing of non-Serbs?
•What lessons does Banja Luka teach? 
•What happened to Hargeisa?
•What lessons does Hargeisa teach? 

Book Details
This book was provided by the author
Publisher:               Derek Dwight Anderson
Edition ISBN:         9798334400986
Pages to read:          140
Publication:             2024
1st Edition:              2024
Format:                    Paperback 

Ratings out of 5:
Readability    4
Content          3
Overall          3






Monday, January 13, 2025

Review of Trans: Gender Identity and the New Battle for Women's Rights by Helen Joyce

This book review was written by Eugene Kernes   

Book can be found in: 
Genre = Sociology
Book Club Event = Book List (03/22/2025)
Intriguing Connections = 1) The Persecuted and The Persecutors


Watch Short Review

Excerpts

“The other belief systems accommodated in modern democracies are, by and large, held privately.  You can subscribe to the doctrine of reincarnation or resurrection alongside fellow believers, or on your own.  Gender self-identification, however, is a demand for validation by others.  The label is a misnomer.  It is actually about requiring others to identify you as a member of the sex you proclaim.” – Helen Joyce, Introduction, Page 14

 

“Within applied postmodernism, objectivity is essentially impossible.  Logic and reason are not ideals to be striven for, but attempts to shore up privilege.  Language is taken to shape reality, not describe it.  Oppression is brought into existence by discourse.  Equality is no longer achieved by replacing unjust laws and practices with new ones that give everyone the chance to thrive, but by individuals defining their own identities, and ‘troubling’ or ‘queering’ the definitions of oppressed groups.” – Helen Joyce, Chapter 3: My Name is Neo, Page 62

 

“Two studies that looked at what happened when they were used to delay puberty in animals suggested this caused defects in spatial memory and increased behaviours thought to be analogous to depression in humans.  |  Their only licensed paediatric use is to treat ‘central precocious puberty’, a rare condition in which children’s bodies mature far earlier than normal.  This causes major physical and social issues, but even so, there are concerns that the side effects are unacceptable.  The drugs stop calcium being laid down in bones, and studies suggest a significant drop in IQ.’” – Helen Joyce, Chapter 4: Child, Interrupted, Page 79


Review

Is This An Overview?

Humans are social animals, who want to belong.  Transgender people want safety, political and social acceptance, but the methods used to obtain the wants has consequences.  There have been many movements to support transgender people, and laws changed.  Society has changed to support transgender people, but misinformation harms society and transgender people.

 

Sex is biological while gender is social.  Transgender people are those who are transitioning their gender to a different gender.  Social aspects of a person can change more readily than sex differences.  The sex of members of the human species depends on gametes, which are facilities for production of sperm or eggs.  As humans mature, male and female bodies have various biological differences.  Differences such as skeletal structure and hormones.  Differences create different abilities in physical ability, that are not based on weight class. 

 

Testosterone is a growth hormone that males produce in higher quantities, which increases the strength and size of those born male.  When someone is thinking of transitioning at an early age, they can take puberty blockers to prevent the body from producing estrogen and testosterone.  Those who transition after puberty do not lose their testosterone produced differences even if they take hormonal medications.  Puberty blockers are a source of conflict for transgender due to the misinformation about them, for the side-effects of puberty blockers are not shared. 

 

Puberty blockers are presented as reversible, but they can affect the long-term health of an individual.  There are physical and mental health problems related to taking puberty blockers, which require a cascade of interventions, such as additional medications, to prevent the problems from exacerbating.  Detransitioners are those who transitioned, experienced the medication and surgeries involved, but later regretted their decision.  They have to live with health consequences of the interventions.   The physical, mental, and other wounds.   

 

To become transgender used require a major operation.  Being transgender has become based on self-identification.  A person can declare themselves to be whichever sex that they want, no matter their biology.  Gender self-identification requires others to validate the sex of the individual, to treat them for how they identify as.  While societies have been removing gender stereotypes for the harm they have caused, as no person represents any stereotype, and activities can be completed no matter the sex of the individual.  The transgender movement is taking a different approach with gender stereotypes, as someone who does not fit into a gender stereotype is thought of as transgender.

 

How Do Transactivists Influence Transgender Views?

This is a book more about transactivists than the transgender.  Transactivists are a lobby group who outnumber the transgender people they claim to speak for. 

 

The methods transactivists use to obtain political and social support are based on persecution.  Any views not aligned with transactivist, are considered hate speech.  They silence anyone who does not affirm the transactivist beliefs, share the consequences of transitioning, or question those thinking about transition.  Transactivists silence even the transgender themselves. 

 

This leads people to self-censor their views, to prevent harassment.  This has the effect of people publicly agreeing with transgender policies, while privately disagreeing.  Societies can accommodate various belief systems even if they are contradictory, but societies have a conflict when a group attempts to impose their beliefs on everyone else.

 

How Does The Medical Industry Respond To The Transgender Movement? 

There are people who changed their want to transition, they desist.  Medical professionals claim to be good at picking out those who persist, to go through with the transition.  Medical professionals who wanted caution or tried to make children comfortable in their own sex were harassed, resulting in a reduction of caution in the transitioning industry. 

 

Children can undergo surgery based on the advice of the medical professionals.  There are even regions that allow children to make their own claims on their medical treatment, overriding guardian’s consent and child-safeguarding rules. 

 

What Are Some Effects Of The Transgender Movement On Politics?     

With self-identification, any sex can enter spaces devoted to another sex.  Such as men can enter women’s restrooms.  This creates physical and social risk.  Men in jail can self-identify as women for their own safety, but this risks the safety of the female inmates. 

 

States are facing lawsuits to allow male athletes to compete as women, and lawsuits to prevent male athletes to compete as women.  Those who transitioned do not have the same physical abilities as the sex they have transitioned into, creating unfair competition.  A more appropriate response would be to add an additional category in sports for transgender, which would make sports safe and fair for everyone.

 

The transgender movement effects women’s political rights.  When women were fighting for equality, women were considered oppressed and needed to challenge the oppression.  With the transgender movement, women that want equal rights can become men, while those who remain women are considered content with supporting roles.

 

Caveats?

The topic is socially and politically sensitive.  The author tries to error correct for various sources of misinformation.  This book focuses on the harmful consequences on the health of transgender and social reactions, as these views are perceived to be more difficult to share.  The author recognizes that there have been people who were improved through the transition process, but does not share those details.  Details which could have included ways and reasons that can make transition appropriate.  Along the missing details of those who appreciated the transition, are the missing references to transgender people who are being hurt through lack of inclusion and social support. 

 

The author shares various conflicts of including transgender people into various social functions.  What are missing are the alternative methods for safety and acceptance for transgender people which would not cause a conflict.

 

The author disapproves the methods that transactivists use to gain social and political support.  The problem is that the author sometimes uses the same harsh methods on the transactivists.  Alternative methods to explain ideas would have set a better precedent on how to handle the sensitive topic. 

 

The author tries to be scientific when approaching the topic of sex and gender.  The problem is that the author sometimes uses inappropriate scientific reasoning for lack of supporting scientific research.  In part, this is due to the lack of scientific research being done on the topics given the political sensitivity.  


Questions to Consider while Reading the Book

•What is the raison d’etre of the book?  For what purpose did the author write the book?  Why do people read this book?
•What are some limitations of the book?
•To whom would you suggest this book?
•What is the difference between public and private views about transgender? 
•How has journalism and academia changed about how their approach transgender?
•What is gender self-identification?
•What is the purpose of single-sex spaces? 
•What happened to single-sex spaces such as restrooms and jails?
•Can both sexes enter spaces legally restricted to single-sex?
•What is body autonomy? 
•How should a democracy handle belief systems?
•What are transactivists?
•Who is silenced by transactivists?
•What is gender dysphoria? 
•What is gender-affirmation medicine?
•What are puberty blockers?
•What do therapist and clinicians advise to gender-dysphoric children? 
•Are the effect of puberty blockers easily reversible? 
•What happens to clinicians who urge caution? 
•What lawsuits are being made regarding transgender people? 
•Who are detransitioners? 
•Who are Anna and Einar Larssen?  How did they effect transgender people?
•What is the difference between a one-sex model and two-sex model?
•How did Jorgensen effect transgender? 
•What determines sex?
•How are humans socialized? 
•What did Milton Diamond find out about John Money’s theories?  
•How did British law change about transsexuals? 
•How does culture effect gender non-conforming people?
•What was Clarke’s criteria for surgery? 
•How is the Matrix, a transgender movie? 
•How did computer games effect transgender people? 
•What is applied postmodernism?
•What are Gish gallop?
•Can brain scans determine someone’s sex?
•Why do people choose to be transgender? 
•What defines if a person is the wrong sex and needs to change?
•Who does media support and vilify?
•How does the transgender movement effect laws on child-safeguarding? 
•How does the transgender movement effect inclusion?
•How does the transgender movement effect people of the past? 
•Why did sports become sex-segregated? 
•What defined womanhood in sports?
•How do movements normally get rights and who do those rights effect?  How are trans rights obtained and who do they effect?  
•How do businesses respond to the trans movement? 

Book Details
Alternative Title:     Trans: When Ideology Meets Reality
Publisher:                 Oneworld Publications
Edition ISBN:          9780861540501
Pages to read:          261
Publication:             2022
1st Edition:              2021
Format:                    eBook 

Ratings out of 5:
Readability    5
Content          5
Overall          5