Thursday, May 28, 2026

Review of Empress: The Astonishing Reign of Nur Jahan by Ruby Lal

This book review was written by Eugene Kernes   

Book can be found in: 
Book Club Event = Book List (05/30/2026)
Intriguing Connections = 1) Biographies: Auto, Memoir, and Other Types



Watch Short Review

Excerpts

“Nur’s shooting skill wasn’t the only thing that made her highly unusual.  She held a position in the empire never before filled by a woman: co-sovereign.  For more than a decade and a half, from a few years after their wedding until Jahangir’s death, Nur Jahan ruled along with her husband, effectively and prominently, successfully navigating the labyrinth of feudal courtly politics and the male-centered culture of the Mughal world.  She issued her own imperial orders, and coins of the realm bore her name along with her husband’s” – Ruby Lal, Chapter One: Queen of Queens, an Introduction, Page 11

 

“Her husband sought her counsel when he honored and increased the ranks of deserving officials and noblemen and gave directions for local administration.  Nur was making decisions having to do with her jagir at Ramsar, about commerce and taxes, and the concerns of her poor subjects.  She intervened, for example, to protect peasants from harassment or overtaxation by provincial authorities.” – Ruby Lal, Chapter Ten: Wonder of the Age, Page 129

 

“With two formal rites, a Mughal prince moved to adulthood.  The first was when the emperor gave him an appropriate rank, with or without a significant administrative-military assignment.  The second was the prince’s marriage.  But these vital signs of a princely adulthood did not make him fully independent.  He had to work in various offices in order to establish himself as a holder of power and possible contender for the throne.” – Ruby Lal, Chapter Twelve: The Light-Scattering Garden, Page 165


Review

Is This An Overview?

The Mughal Empire was a Muslim state, a Mongol successor state, that controlled much of India.  Within a male dominant political structure, Nur Jahan was able to become co-sovereign of the empire.  The emperor, Jahangir, trusted Nur to lead.  Although part of a harem, Nur became the favorite, and an equal to the emperor.  Earned the ability to lead through talent, rather than inheritance. 

 

Nur was able to navigate court politics, issue edicts, and made decisions that were on par with the emperor.  Made decisions on economic policy, property rights, military strategy, and criminal cases.  Nur advised on official ranks, and gave directions for local administration.  Nur was perceived as generous, for Nur protected the vulnerable members of society, protected people from harassment and over taxation by officials.  Nur was more than an effective leader, but also had exceptional skill with the musket. 

 

Caveats?

The focus of the book is on court politics, with a lot of background information on Mughal culture.  Although general effects of decisions were stated, there was not much information on Nur’s local decisions and administration effects.  This organization makes Nur’s influence appear underwhelming.


Questions to Consider while Reading the Book

•What is the raison d’etre of the book?  For what purpose did the author write the book?  Why do people read this book?
•What are some limitations of the book?
•To whom would you suggest this book?
•What was the Mughal Empire?
•Who was Jahangir?
•What does the Jahangir mean?
•Who was Nur Jahan?
•What does Nur Jahan mean?
•What skills did Nur Jahan have?
•What political power did Nur Jahan have?
•What did foreigners think of Nur Jahan?
•What effect did the culture have on different perspectives?
•What did the culture think of women?
•What was the marriage age?
•What was the effect of the harem?
•What were Akbar’s beliefs? 
•What were children taught? 
•How did Bengali landowners treat people on their land?
•What were the wars of succession?
•Who could succeed the emperor?
•What was the purpose of royal gift exchanges?
•What effect did Jahangir’s drinking have?
•What was the purpose behind hunting?
•How did a prince attain adulthood?
•Why were state officials on the move?
•What was the role of a prince in a rebellion?
•Who did Nur Jahan support for succession? 

Book Details
Edition:                   First Edition
Publisher:               W. W. Norton & Company
Edition ISBN:         9780393635409
Pages to read:          208
Publication:             2018
1st Edition:              2018
Format:                    eBook 

Ratings out of 5:
Readability    5
Content          3
Overall           3






Friday, May 22, 2026

Review of The 48 Laws of Power by Robert Greene

This book review was written by Eugene Kernes   

Book can be found in: 
Book Club Event = Book List (05/23/2026)


Watch Short Review

Excerpts

Always make those above you feel comfortably superior.  In your desire to please and impress them, do not go too far in displaying your talents or you might accomplish the opposite – inspire fear and insecurity.  Make your masters appear more brilliant than they are and you will attain the heights of power.” – Robert Greene, Law 1: Never Outshine the Master, Page 26


Keep people off-balance and in the dark by never revealing the purpose behind your actions.  If they have no clue what you are up to, they cannot prepare a defense.  Guide them far enough down the wrong path, envelop them in enough smoke, and by the time they realize your intentions, it will be too late.” – Robert Greene, Law 3: Conceal Your Intentions, Page 46


There are many different kinds of people in the world, and you can never assume that everyone will react to your strategies in the same way.  Deceive or outmaneuver some people and they will spend the rest of their lives seeking revenge.  They are wolves in lambs’ clothing.  Choose your victims and opponents carefully, then – never offend or deceive the wrong person.” – Robert Greene, Law 19: Know Who You’re Dealing With – Do Not Offend The Wrong Person, Page 211



Review

Is This An Overview?

There is value in being civilized and fair, but those who follow being civilized and fair too strictly, get taken advantage of by those who do not follow them too strictly.  Freedom to make decisions without fear comes through becoming a person who is in demand, a person that others cannot do without.  But accomplishments can make others feel insecure, who will then want to undermine those who have made accomplishments.  To not be replaced, superiors should not be outperformed.  To obtain the safety of the crowd, showing personal uniqueness needs to be limited. 

 

To get someone to do something, find something within the negotiation that would benefit the person.  Causing someone to do anything through coercion, creates demand for retaliation.  An alternative method is seduction, through which people will want to support that which is wanted.  Friends are quick to betray, while feared enemies generate a need to maintain cooperation for mutual preservation.  Limit what information is shared, as that prevents people from finding methods to defend themselves against what is actually planned. 

 

Choose victims and opponents carefully, as different people can react different.  Find other people’s weaknesses, to use against them.  Overreacting to the decisions of others shows weakness that could be taken advantage of.  Showing interest in something is another source of weakness, as desire creates demand for more.  People do not want the truth, as people want to live in their fantasies. 

 

Caveats?

Although there is value in the various laws, most laws presented in the book, justify doing harm to others.  Rather than improving the conditions for people using the laws, the laws are meant facilitate taking advantage of others at the expense of others.  There is legislature that makes various laws illegal, to prevent the criminal activity supported in the book.

 

This book is based on examples, that contain a survivorship bias.  The examples presented express when the law has worked, and the consequences when not using the law.  What is missing are the examples when there were consequences of using the law, when the law does not work.  The shared reversals, are supporting of the laws.  There are laws that are culturally conditional, as people within different cultures can have different responses to the same law.  When the people involved know how they are being used by the laws, the expected reaction from using the laws can become different.  There are laws that contradict the use of other laws.  


Questions to Consider while Reading the Book

•What is the raison d’etre of the book?  For what purpose did the author write the book?  Why do people read this book?
•What are some limitations of the book?
•To whom would you suggest this book?
•Which laws do you use?
•What happens to people who follow the rules?
•How to display talent? 
•How to treat friends and enemies? 
•How much to reveal? 
•How to draw attention? 
•How to divide credit? 
•How to become someone dependent on? 
•How to get others to do what you want? 
•How to use a crowd? 
•How to choose the victims? 
•How to react to others? 
•How to act upon decisions? 
•How to tell people the truth? 
•How to use weaknesses? 
•How to be part of a community? 
•What is the outcome of coercion? 
•How to change? 
•What are the consequences of perfection?
•What does it mean to be formless? 


Book Details
Publisher:               Penguin Books
Edition ISBN:         9780140280197
Pages to read:          617
Publication:             2000
1st Edition:              1998
Format:                    eBook 

Ratings out of 5:
Readability    4
Content          2
Overall          3






Friday, May 15, 2026

Review of The Godfather by Mario Puzo

This book review was written by Eugene Kernes   

Book can be found in: 
Book Club Event = Book List (05/16/2026)
Intriguing Connections = 1) To Cooperate Or To Defect?


Watch Short Review

Excerpts

“Don Vito Corleone was a man to whom everybody came for help, and never were they disappointed.  He made no empty promises, nor the craven excuse that his hands were tied by more powerful forces in the world than himself.  It was not necessary that he be your friend, it was not even important that you have no means with which to repay him.  Only one thing was required.  That you, you yourself, proclaim your friendship.  And then, no matter how poor or powerless the supplicant, Don Corleone would take that man’s trouble to his heart.  And he would let nothing stand in the way to a solution of that man’s woe.” – Mario Puzo, Chapter 1, Page 21


“He had been profoundly shocked.  What kind of man could destroy an animal worth six hundred dollars?  Without a word of warning.  Without any negotiation to have the act, its order, countermanded.  The ruthlessness, the sheer disregard for any values, implied a man who considered himself completely his own law, even his own God.  And a man who backed up this kind of will with the power and cunning that held his own stable security force of no account.” – Mario Puzo, Chapter 2, Page 72


“ON THE Day after the murder of Sollozzo and Captain McCluskey, the police captains and lieutenants in every station house in New York City sent out the word: there would be no more gambling, no more prostitution, no more deals of any kind until the murderer of Captain McCluskey was caught.  Massive raids began all over the city.  All unlawful business activities came to a standstill.” – Mario Puzo, Chapter 11, Page 161


Review

Is This An Overview?

This is the story of the Corleone Family, a mafia group.  The group operates as an alternative form of governance.  Competing with legitimate forms of government in providing public services such as justice and social stability.  The way the Corleone group operates is by developing friendships, providing for people in need.  Although a favor from the mafia, would bring justice, the favor would indebt the person to the mafia.  A debt that would need to be repaid.  Everything can be negotiated, as long as the people involved are reasonable.  Those who cannot be reasoned with, have a shortened life span. 

 

The Corleone group is an Italian group, that operates in New York.  Not just Italian, but Sicilian.  Few are trusted who are not Sicilian.  Vito left Sicily to avoid being a victim of violence against Vito’s father.  Moving to New York, and taking the family name of Corleone, as a reference to the region where Vito is from.  Becoming a person of respect, a Don, to provide for the family. 

 

Although succession is not hereditary, for the leader, the Don, would need to earn the respect of those around them.  There is an expectation that the next Don would be of the family.  Women are held to be innocent, kept away from the matters of business.  Therefore, the successor would potentially be one of three sons.  Sonny has experience, strength, and courage, but has a temper that overrides appropriate decisions.  Fred has been dutiful, and loyal, but lacks the ability to garner respect from other people.  Mike has the courage, and leadership ability, but does not want to partake of the family business.

 

Although there has been peace between the rival mafia groups for many years, a war breaks out when the Corleone group does not want to participate in a specific business.  There was an attempt to take the life of Don Vito.  With Vito physically incapacitated, Fed mentally incapacitated, Sonny takes control and seeks vengeance.  Although Mike wanted to stay out of the family business, Mike wants to defend the father, wants to repay the father.  How does the Corleone family fight for their interests?  Who is to become the Don?  

 

Caveats?

This book justifies criminal activity, as an alternative to legitimate but corrupt governance.  Besides the support for criminal activity, there are many behaviors which had been culturally acceptable during the era.  But as culture has changed, seemingly acceptable behaviors have become inappropriate.  The book shares cultural differences between Sicilians and others, favoring Sicilians due to shared traumatic experiences.  A discrimination, with the acknowledged associated costs.  


Questions to Consider while Reading the Book

•What is the raison d’etre of the book?  For what purpose did the author write the book?  Why do people read this book?
•What are some limitations of the book?
•To whom would you suggest this book?
•Where did a lot of popular quotes come from?
•Why do people seek out Don Vito Corleone?
•What is the cost of a favor from Don Corleone?
•What is the personality of Don Corleone?
•How did Vito Corleone become the Don? 
•What is the personality of Sonny (Santino) Corleone?
•What is the personality of Frederico (Fred) Corleone?
•What is the personality of Michael (Mike) Corleone?
•What happened in during the Connie’s and Carlo’s wedding?
•What was the relationship between Connie and Carlo? 
•What was the relationship between Mike and Kay?
•Who was Brasi?
•How does Don Vito obtain power?
•How does the Corleone group operate?
•What is the personality of Johnny Fontane? 
•What is the personality of Tom Hagen?
•What is a Consigliere? 
•What does Tessio and Clemenza do?
•What method was used to convince Woltz?
•What does it mean to be Sicilian? 
•What was the Corleone’s group response to the business of narcotics? 
•Why was Vito shot?  What was the response?
•How does Mike respond to Vito being shot?
•What does it mean to ‘go to the mattresses’?
•What happened to Sollozzo?
•What happened to McCluskey? 
•How did the police respond to events that happened to McCluskey? 
•What did Nino think of how success was treated? 
•What does it mean to be reasoned with? 
•What was the purpose of a threat? 
•How did Long Beach become crime-free? 
•How were women treated?
•What were the Bocchicchio known for?
•Who is Jules? 

Book Details
Introduction Author: Francis Ford Coppola
A Note Author:       Anthony Puzo
Publisher:               Berkley [Penguin Random House]
Edition ISBN:         9780451205766
Pages to read:          455
Publication:             2019
1st Edition:              1969
Format:                   eBook 

Ratings out of 5:
Readability    4
Content          4
Overall          4






Friday, May 1, 2026

Review of Escape from Freedom by Erich Fromm

This book review was written by Eugene Kernes   

Book can be found in: 
Genre = Psychology
Book Club Event = Book List (05/09/2026)
Intriguing Connections = 1) To Cooperate Or To Defect?


Watch Short Review

Excerpts

“It is the thesis of this book that modern man, freed from the bonds of pre-individualist society, which simultaneously gave his security and limited him, has not gained freedom in the positive sense of the realization of his individual self; that is, the expression of his intellectual, emotional and sensuous potentialities.  Freedom, though it has brought him independence and rationality, has made him isolated and, thereby, anxious and powerless.  This isolation is unbearable and the alternatives he is confronted with are either to escape from the burden of his freedom into new dependencies and submission, or to advance to the full realization of positive freedom which is based upon the uniqueness and individuality of man.” – Erich Fromm, Foreword, Page 8


 

“Modern European and American history is centered around the effort to gain freedom from the political, economic, and spiritual shackles that have bound men.  The battles for freedom were fought by the oppressed, those who wanted new liberties, against those who had privileges to defend.  While a class was fighting for its own liberation from domination, it believed itself to be fighting for human freedom as such and thus was able to appeal to an ideal, to the longing for freedom rooted in all who are oppressed.  In the long and virtually continuous battle for freedom, however, classes that were fighting against oppression at one stage sided with the enemies of freedom when victory was won and new privileges were to be defended.” – Erich Fromm, Chapter I: Freedom – A Psychological problem, Page 15


“The victory of freedom is possible only if democracy develops into a society in which the individuals, his growth and happiness, is the aim and purpose of culture, in which life does not need any justification in success or anything else, and in which the individual is not manipulated by any power outside of himself, be it the State or the economic machine; finally, a society in which his conscience and ideals are not the internalization of external demands, but are really his and express the aims that result from the peculiarity of his self.” – Erich Fromm, Part VI: Chapter 2: Freedom and Spontaneity, Page 183


Review

Is This An Overview?

People have been fighting a continuous struggle against oppression.  The freedoms won, gave rise to individualistic society, but victory came at a cost.  Collective societies limited the individual, but provided the individual with security.  Gaining independence, did not provide the freedom to express oneself.  Individualistic societies provide independence, but at the cost of isolation, anxiety, and powerlessness.  The individual has the option to seek to improve the benefits of freedom, or escape from freedom with dependency and submission. 

 

To gain the psychological and economic benefits from groups, the individual becomes oppressed.  Suppressing critical thinking, as critical thinking becomes a threat to the individual’s wellbeing.  Upon gaining freedoms, people switch sides to the oppressors, to better defend the rights they believe worthy.  For a democracy that values the individual to be sustainable, the society needs to enable the capabilities of the individual without subordination. 

 

Caveats?

The book can be difficult to read.  The claims are explained through various examples.  Examples that are short, and tend to provide axiomatic evidence.  Alternative interpretations are not explored.  The examples are based on European and American experiences.


Questions to Consider while Reading the Book

•What is the raison d’etre of the book?  For what purpose did the author write the book?  Why do people read this book?
•What are some limitations of the book?
•To whom would you suggest this book?
•What gave rise to individualistic society?
•What are the benefits and consequences of an individualist society?
•What are the benefits and consequences of a collective society?
•What are the problems with freedom?
•Why do people have superstitions and worship idols? 
•What was the outcome of wars of liberation?
•What is the threat to democracy? 
•How to describe human nature? 
•What is a letter of indulgence? 
•What was the effect of Protestantism? 
•What choices do people have when they feel insignificant? 
•How does critical thinking affect a person?
•How to discourage original thinking? 
•How can democracy be sustained?


Book Details
Publisher:               Open Road Integrated Media
Edition ISBN:         9781480402560
Pages to read:          196
Publication:             2013
1st Edition:              1941
Format:                    eBook 

Ratings out of 5:
Readability    2
Content          2
Overall          2






Monday, April 27, 2026

Review of The Weaponisation of Everything: A Field Guide to the New Way of War by Mark Galeotti

This book review was written by Eugene Kernes   

Book can be found in: 
Book Club Event = Book List (05/02/2026)


Watch Short Review


Excerpts

“States have always used non-military means to bully, bait and beguile their way to victory.  However, the world is now more complex and above all more inextricably interconnected than ever before.  It used to be orthodoxy that interdependence stopped wars.  In a way, it did – but the pressures that led to wars never went away, so instead interdependence became the new battleground.  Wars without warfare, non-military conflicts fought with all kinds of other means, from subversion to sanctions, memes to murder, may be becoming the new normal.” – Mark Galeotti, Introduction, Page 10

 

“Power is about perception, influence about imagination.  When Renaissance princes competed to attract the finest artists and poets and sculptors to their courts, it was not simply for their own pleasure, it was a battlefront in the political and cultural wars being wages between the city-states.  Such patronage demonstrated wealth and a city’s or a lineage’s cultural authority.” – Mark Galeotti, Chapter 1: The Renaissance of Weaponisation, Page 20-21


 

“Suddenly, the world is full of people who seem to be doing the work of states, yet not as direct employees, nor even out of ideological commitment or patriotic passion.  Journalists hired to write hit pieces; scholars saying the right things for a grant; think tanks producing recommendations to order.” – Mark Galeotti, Chapter 3: Soldiering-plus and Gig Geopolitics, Page 56


Review

Is This An Overview?

Non-military means have always been used by states to obtain what they want, or attempt to obtain what they want.  As the world has become more interconnected, states have become less willing to use military means to obtain what they want.  But as the pressure for war did not decrease, that very interconnection has become weaponized.  Using means of covert subversion, disinformation, sanctions, cyberattacks, and anything else that can change people’s minds to support what the state wants.

 

All states make the case that their conflict is just, that their war is just, that the reasons for their aggression in the conflict are virtuous.  To obtain cultural support for conflict, culture has been weaponized.  Journalists, entertainers, and academics are given support and resources when they provide favorable views, buying their loyalty.  Unfavorable views are punished by denying the resources.   People self-censor or misrepresent views to obtain the support, and avoid being punished.  When dealing with other governments, economic sanctions and aid accomplish the task of gaining favorable views and punishing unfavorable views. 

 

As publics have become unwilling to tolerate the death of soldiers, states have outsourced war functions to private military organizations, known as mercenaries.  Publics care less for the death of mercenaries.  No need for an assassin, when a lawyer can make anyone’s life expensive to live, to take away individuals’ credibility, and freedoms.  As official police and spies cannot perform certain tasks without a potential public scandal, states have been using criminals to obtain information, and persecutor dissidents. 

 

Caveats?

The explanation method of the claims, is through a myriad of examples.  Although the examples are diverse, showing historical and contemporary evidentiary support for the claims.  The examples are limited, by share supporting information, not the complex details.  The analysis is hidden within the examples provided.  


Questions to Consider while Reading the Book

•What is the raison d’etre of the book?  For what purpose did the author write the book?  Why do people read this book?
•What are some limitations of the book?
•To whom would you suggest this book?
•What are non-military means of warfare?
•How are interconnections between states used?
•What is hybrid warfare? 
•How have wars been fought? 
•What was the effect of the Peace of Westphalia? 
•What is the purpose of a display of wealth?
•What is the effect of deterrence? 
•What happened to the cost of war?
•What is the war for attention?
•What is a just war?
•What are private military organizations?
•What is soft power?
•What role does a soldier have?
•What happened to Palau?
•Why use sanctions?
•Who pays for the sanctions? 
•How are criminals used by states?
•What is lawfare?
•What is a Red Notice?
•What is info-noise?
•How has culture turned into warfare? 

Book Details
Publisher:               Yale University Press
Edition ISBN:         9780300265132
Pages to read:          189
Publication:             2023
1st Edition:              2023
Format:                    eBook 

Ratings out of 5:
Readability    5
Content          5
Overall          5