Friday, July 10, 2026

Review of On the Origin of Species by Charles Darwin

This book review was written by Eugene Kernes   

Book can be found in: 
Genre = Science
Book Club Event = Book List (08/08/2026)
Intriguing Connections = 1) The Evolution of Evolution, 2) How Competitive Is Competition?


Watch Short Review

Excerpts

“It seems clear that organic beings must be exposed during several generations to new conditions to cause any great amount of variation; and that, when the organisation has once begun to vary, it generally continues varying for many generations.  No case is on record of a variable organism ceasing to vary under cultivation.  Our oldest cultivated plants, such as wheat, still yield new varieties: our oldest domesticated animals are still capable of rapid improvement or modification.” – Charles Darwin, Chapter 1: Variation Under Domestication, Page 25

 

“Natural selection acts exclusively by the preservation and accumulation of variations, which are beneficial under the organic and inorganic conditions to which each creature is exposed at all periods of life.  The ultimate result is that each creature tends to become more and more improved in relation to its conditions.  This improvement inevitably leads to the gradual advancement of the organization of the greater number of living beings throughout the world.” – Charles Darwin, Chapter 4: Natural Selection; Or The Survival Of The Fittest, Page 158

 

“Natural selection can produce nothing in one species for the exclusive good or injury of another; though it may well produce parts, organs, and excretions highly useful or even indispensable, or highly injurious to another species, but in all cases at the same time useful to the possessor.  In each well-stocked country natural selection acts through the competition of the inhabitants and consequently leads to success in the battle for life, only in accordance with the standard of that particular country.” – Charles Darwin, Chapter 6: Difficulties Of The Theory, Page 260


Review

Is This An Overview?

Over successive generations, flora and fauna biologically adept to better fit their local conditions.  Improving their ability to survive.  In the competition for scarce resources, those fittest to survive spread to become more numerous.  But due to limits in resources, there are limits to how numerous any species can become.  Larger regions have more biodiversity with increased competition that causes the species to improve further. 

 

Caveats?

This is a difficult book to read due to antediluvian references.  This book is about the data, the evidence, the flora and fauna that explain evolution.  The community effort involved in the validation of the idea of natural selection.  Although a foundational book, improvements have been made since publication to the science, explanations, and descriptions. 


Questions to Consider while Reading the Book

•What is the raison d’etre of the book?  For what purpose did the author write the book?  Why do people read this book?
•What are some limitations of the book?
•To whom would you suggest this book?
•What are the different views by naturalists of species?
•Why are there diverse species?
•Why is there species modification?
•What is the effect of competition for resources?
•What are species improvements?
•What are habits?
•What is the evidence of evolution?
•What are variations under domestication?
•What is natural selection?
•What happens to hybrids?
•What is the effect of geography?


Book Details
Edition:                  6th Edition
Publisher:               Bygone Books
Edition ISBN:         NA
Pages to read:          586
Publication:             2026
1st Edition:              1872
Format:                    eBook 

Ratings out of 5:
Readability    1
Content          2
Overall          1






Monday, July 6, 2026

Review of Weimar Culture: The Outsider as Insider by Peter Gay

This book review was written by Eugene Kernes   

Book can be found in: 
Genre = Sociology
Book Club Event = Book List (09/05/2026)
Intriguing Connections = 1) Get To Know The Peoples Of The World (Germany), 


Watch Short Review

Excerpts

“For the outsiders of the Empire as, later, for the insiders of the Republic, the most insistent questions revolved around the need for man’s renewal, questions made most urgent and practically insoluble by the disappearance of God, the threat of the machine, the incurable stupidity of the upper classes, and the helpless philistinism of the bourgeoisie.  Seeking answers to their questions, the rebels turned to whatever help they could find, wherever they could find it.  There was nothing unusual in this; man’s articulate misery or articulate delight has never been a respecter of frontiers.” – Peter Gay, Chapter 1: The Trauma of Birth, Page 26


“Historians have made much of the failures of the politicians who governed the young Republic.  Had they failed utterly, it would have been understandable; Ebert and his associates faced difficulties that would have daunted the coolest and most experienced statesman.  There was endemic disorder, there was desperate hunger, there was demoralization among intellectuals, there was an army to be brough home and demobilized, there were bitter wounds to be healed and no time to heal them, there was a constitution to be written and put into practice.” – Peter Gay, Chapter 1: The Trauma of Birth, Page 32


“The Emperor and his partisans were discredited; leadership would have to come from Socialists.  But what kind of Socialists?  The Social Democratic party had long been a major party, but even before 1914 it had been a tense coalition, divided among radicals who took revolutionary Marxism seriously, trade unionists who wanted to forget about ideology and seek higher standards of living for the working classes, and functionaries who compromised by talking like revolutionaries and acting like parliamentarians.” – Peter Gay, Appendices, Page 169


Review

Is This An Overview?

The Weimar Republic was born after the end of the German Empire.  The Republic ended when the National Socialist German Workers’ Party, known as the Nazi’s, took power.  The Republic had a short life-span, but developed influential ideas that shaped the world.  The Republic struggled through a myriad of conflicts, political rifts, economic crises, cultural changes, and political assassinations.

 

The end of empire saw the rise of socialism.  Various socialist political organizations were competing for power.  Some wanted Germany to become part of the Soviet Union, some wanted a military dictatorship, some wanted a parliamentary democracy.  The rise of the Republic enabled the ability to express oneself.  Due to prior repressions, people were initially unsure of how to conduct themselves, hesitant to share their views.  Intellectuals had a tacit agreement with the state, to limit criticism, for private freedoms. 

 

As the culture of repression subsided, the creative diversity had shown itself through inflammatory statements, and outrageous exhibits.  The Republic brought back cultural engagement with the international community.  When the Republic became more stable, there was backlash, against thinking.  Evidence of the Republic’s success in cultural creativity, is shown by the number of influential exiles who fled the Nazi regime.  

 

Caveats?

This book can be difficult to read.  Various ideas have become influential, but references to specifics details can be better understood by those who already have some background information.  


Questions to Consider while Reading the Book

•What is the raison d’etre of the book?  For what purpose did the author write the book?  Why do people read this book?
•What are some limitations of the book?
•To whom would you suggest this book?
•What was the Weimar Republic?
•What were the political divides of the Republic?
•What were the economic problems of the Republic?
•What happened to the culture? 
•What were the different types of socialist organizations? 
•How loyal were people during the Republic?
•What was the war psychosis? 
•What did Germans think of the Peace of Versailles?
•What is psychoanalysis? 
•What was Bismarck’s Second Reich educational program?
•How did intellectuals respond to freedoms of expression?
•How did architects define Germany?
•How did the global Depression affect Germany?

Book Details
Publisher:               W. W. Norton & Company
Edition ISBN:         9780393069594
Pages to read:          178
Publication:             2001
1st Edition:              1968
Format:                    eBook 

Ratings out of 5:
Readability    3
Content          3
Overall          3






Thursday, July 2, 2026

Review of Machiavelli: Philosopher of Power by Ross King

This book review was written by Eugene Kernes   

Book can be found in: 
Genre = History
Book Club Event = Book List (07/25/2026)
Intriguing Connections = 1) Biographies: Auto, Memoir, and Other Types


Watch Short Review

Excerpts

“Close-up observations of Julius had obviously set him to thinking about the elements of political leadership.  In 1503 he had been troubled by the downfall of Cesare Borgia, who seemed to have done everything right.  Now he was puzzled by the success of the pope, who seemed to have done everything wrong.  What lessons, if any, could be taken from these unexpected developments?” – Ross King, Chapter Nine, Page 76


“Machiavelli’s great dream had failed spectacularly.  The citizen militia in which he had invested more than six years of hope and toil had proved itself an even bigger disaster than the futile canal or the unreliable and unscrupulous condottieri.  His faith in the courage and trustworthiness of a citizen army had proved itself the flimsiest of illusions.  The people of Prato had paid for this delusion in blood.  Florence, it now appeared, would pay the price with its liberty.” – Ross King, Chapter Thirteen, Page 109


“Over the years he had alienated many Florentine businessmen and politicians, first with his arrogance and abrasiveness, and then with scandalous behavior that became the fodder for so much gossip.  Finally, the drastic dereliction of his vaunted militia in Florence’s hour of direst need seemed to prove the worthlessness of both his pet project and, more generally, his abilities as a leader.  The plaudits won on the Fiume Morto in 1509 had turned, three years later, into widespread grumbling about folly and incompetence.  Still, if he felt that autumn that his situation could not get any worse, he was sadly mistaken: within months he was arrested and thrown into prison.” – Ross King, Chapter Fourteen, Page 114


Review

Is This An Overview?

Machiavelli learned abouts politics and war through experience.  Ideas developed based on assignments from the Florence republic, for the Signoria.  To be effective in the official post, usually meant seeming supportive of someone making demands, without providing any valid obligations to honor the demands.  Machiavelli observed that outcomes were not dependent on character and making the right decisions, as other factors influenced the outcomes.  Machiavelli observed that people have consistent behavioral traits.  Traits that can be fortunate in situations in which the trait facilitates a favorable outcome, but problematic when the situation requires a different behavioral trait. 

 

Power and sovereign independence require military force to have and defend.  Florence, like other Italian states, used mercenaries known as condottieri, to fight their battles.  The mercenaries were known to be idle, evasive, and duplicitous.  Machiavelli took up the task to raise a communal militia.  Mercenaries might have been unreliable, but the militia did not provide the wanted courage and trustworthiness. 

 

Caveats?

This is not a book about the ideas of Machiavelli, but there were some references to the ideas.  This is a book about the events that Machiavelli participated in, the events which inspired the ideas, provided evidence for the ideas.  Most of the book is about Italian conflicts, specifically, conflicts that involved Florence.  For many of the events, there is not much information about how Machiavelli influenced the events, the information provided is mostly about the resolution of the events. 


Questions to Consider while Reading the Book

•What is the raison d’etre of the book?  For what purpose did the author write the book?  Why do people read this book?
•What are some limitations of the book?
•To whom would you suggest this book?
•Who was Machiavelli?
•What was Machiavelli’s profession?
•What was the importance of Pisa?
•Who were the condottieri? 
•How did the Signoria want to handle contracts?
•Who was Caterina Sforza?
•What were the Papal States?
•Who was Cesare Borgia?
•How would Machiavelli deal with a city divided by factions?
•In Florence, how long did political office last? 
•What did Machiavelli think of astrologers?
•What happened to the communal militia?
•What did Machiavelli think of Julius? 
•What did Machiavelli think of people’s behaviors? 
•Who are the ottimati? 
•What was the Holy Roman Empire? 
•Why was Machiavelli go to jail?  What happened in the jail?

Book Details
Edition:                   EPub Edition
Publisher:               HarperCollins
Edition ISBN:         9780061870736
Pages to read:          192
Publication:             2007
1st Edition:              2007
Format:                    eBook 

Ratings out of 5:
Readability    4
Content          3
Overall          3






Sunday, June 28, 2026

Review of A Mercy by Toni Morrison

This book review was written by Eugene Kernes   

Book can be found in: 
Book Club Event = Book List (08/01/2026)
 

Watch Short Review

Excerpts

“The beginning begins with the shoes.  When a child I am never able to abide being barefoot and always beg for shoes, anybody’s shoes, even on the hottest days.  My mother, a minha mãe, is frowning, is angry at what she says are my prettify ways.  Only bad women wear high heels.” – Toni Morrison, Page 9


“When that “people’s war” lost its hopes to the hangman, the work it had done – which included the slaughter of opposing tribes and running the Carolinas off their land – spawned a thicket of new laws authorizing chaos in defense of order.  By eliminating manumission, gatherings, travel and bearing arms for black people only; by granting license to any white to kill any black for any reason; by compensating owners for a slave’s maiming or death, they separated and protected all whites from all others forever.  Any social ease between gentry and laborers, forged before and during that rebellion, crumbled beneath a hammer wielded in the interests of the gentry’s profits.” – Toni Morrison, Page 14-15


“The soft fingers fumbled for the absent haft.  Jacob raised his eyes to D’Ortega’s, noticing the cowardice of unarmed gentry confronted with a commoner.  Out here in wilderness dependent on paid guards nowhere in sight this Sunday.  He felt like laughing.  Where else but in this disorganized world would such an encounter be possible?  Where else could rank tremble before courage?  Jacob turned away, letting his exposed, unarmed back convey his scorn.  It was a curious moment.  Along with his contempt, he felt a wave of exhilaration.” – Toni Morrison, Page 26


Review

Is This An Overview?

For those who do not want to properly compensate others for their efforts, tyranny is applied.  Tyrants appear to have wealth and status, but are terrible people.  Terrible people who are dependent on those who they oppress.  They cannot fight nor are efficient workers.  But the oppressed have little choice but to submit.  Laws made to justify keeping a people oppressed.  This is an era when the oppressed can be murdered or sold without any recourse.  The oppressed need the political protection that tyrants provide.  How do people survive?

 

Caveats?

The book can be difficult to read.  The writing style has the benefit of putting the reader into how people of the era would have thought about the events that were transpiring.  The consequent of the writing style is making the content appear to be a stream of unfiltered thoughts, which can cause the content to appear confusing.

 


Questions to Consider while Reading the Book

•What is the raison d’etre of the book?  For what purpose did the author write the book?  Why do people read this book?
•What are some limitations of the book?
•To whom would you suggest this book?
•Who is Lina?
•Who is Florens?
•What was the ‘people’s war’?
•Who is D’Ortega?
•What was the encounter between D’Ortega and Jacob?
•What happed to the Mistress, Rebekka Vaark?
•Who is Scully?

Book Details
Publisher:               Alfred A. Knopf [Random House]
Edition ISBN:         9780307270443
Pages to read:          123
Publication:             2008
1st Edition:              2008
Format:                    eBook 

Ratings out of 5:
Readability    1
Content          1
Overall          1






Wednesday, June 24, 2026

Review of Age of Revolutions: Progress and Backlash from 1600 to the Present by Fareed Zakaria

This book review was written by Eugene Kernes   

Book can be found in: 
Genre = Sociology
Book Club Event = Book List (07/18/2026)


Watch Short Review

Excerpts

“Liberal democracy is about rules, not outcomes.  We uphold freedom of speech, rather than favoring specific speech.  We want elections to be free and fair, rather than favoring one candidate.  We make law by census and compromise, not by decree.  But increasingly there are those – frustrated by the process, sure of their virtue, loathing the other side – who want to ban what they regard as “bad” speech, make policy by fiat, or even manipulate the democratic process.  The ends justify the means.” – Fareed Zakaria, Introduction: A Multitude Of Revolutions, Page 11


“But it was only after the Dutch Revolution, when the Netherlands broke with the Catholic Church, that the country truly became an open marketplace of ideas.  The general distaste for Inquisitors and censors allowed philosophical strains that would have been repressed elsewhere to flourish.  As a deadening blanket of repression and censorship known as the Counter-Reformation fell across Catholic Europe, Protestant societies began producing significantly more scientists than their Catholic counterparts.” – Fareed Zakaria, Chapter 1: The First Liberal Revolution: The Netherlands, Page 46


“Above all, the French Revolution shows the danger of revolution imposed by political leaders, rather than growing naturally out of broad social, economic, and technological changes.  French leaders tried to impose modernity and enlightenment by top-down decree on a country that was largely unready for it.  The core problem was this: modernization takes decades if not centuries to develop.  In those countries where liberalism had taken deep root, it had developed by fits and starts, in the Netherlands’ city halls and merchant associations or in England’s parliamentary committees and joint-stock companies.  It had grown through a bottom-up process of economic and technological transformation, coupled later with skillful leadership that navigated these new currents.” – Fareed Zakaria, Chapter 3: The Failed Revolution: France, Page 75


Review

Is This An Overview?

A revolution is about change.  Change can have benefits, but also disruptions.  People want change when their conditions would improve, but disruptions cause a backlash.  People want to retain their condition when the disruptions cause a deterioration in their situation, such as through allocating resources away to others.  Societies develop over time, changing over time.  Societies can be torn apart when the society cannot abord the disruptions.  Although there is no certainty to what happens to societies, much of what happens next depends on human action and interaction over time.

 

The historic experience of states, the various different methods that states used to achieve their status, has provided guidelines for what can improve welfare and what can harm welfare.  States improve their welfare when political power is diffused.  When society is based on rules rather than outcomes.  When laws are made by consensus and compromise rather than decree.  When there is free speech rather than censorship.  When there are competitive elections rather than a candidate forced unto a people.   When the private and public sectors support each other.  Societies fought through various conflicts to obtain these features.  Even as states have improved through the features, the same states have changed to prevent the features.  There are those who benefit from restricting what others do and think, and want to dictate the terms others live by. 

 

Caveats?

The book is split into a few historic revolutions and a few contemporary revolutions.  While the historic revolutions have coherent timeline for events that includes a conclusion, the contemporary revolutions are still progressing which makes their conclusions uncertain.  There is a bias in the features that are meant to improve or hinder society, which influence explanations for content.  


Questions to Consider while Reading the Book

•What is the raison d’etre of the book?  For what purpose did the author write the book?  Why do people read this book?
•What are some limitations of the book?
•To whom would you suggest this book?
•What is a revolution?
•What is liberal democracy? 
•What is illiberalism?
•What are the disruptions to change?
•How should societies change?
•What caused the division between Left and Right?
•How does geography affect politics?
•What is the purpose of the Olympics?
•How to divide people?
•What is gunboat diplomacy? 
•How did changes in transportation change the world?
•What is Neoliberalism? 
•How have changes in communication and information, changed the world?
•What happened to American power?
•What happened to Venice?
•What happened to the Netherlands?
•How did the French elite think of the Netherlands?
•What caused the Industrial Revolution?
•What happened to England?
•What happened to France?


Book Details
Edition:                   First Edition
Publisher:               W. W. Norton
Edition ISBN:         9781324089353
Pages to read:          304
Publication:             2024
1st Edition:              2024
Format:                    eBook 

Ratings out of 5:
Readability    5
Content          5
Overall          5